Sir Isaac Newton
In 1687 his book
Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica laid the foundation of our understanding of classical mechanics in physics - enabling prediction of objects of the solar system, and an understanding of the composition of the solar system as well as an understanding of all of... I'm looking for a word other than Newtonian here... Newtonian physics. F=ma is the cornerstone of so much technology, and is still fundamentally how we determine that buildings will stay standing, airplanes will maintain flight, and how my chair rolls on the floor. In order to do this, he derived calculus from scratch.
Newton also invented some optics for telescopes, and first started investigating light refraction to see what it was composed of. In 1687... he was trying to figure out what light was made of. Here's Neil DeGrasse Tyson on Isaac Newton: