Regarding post-processing:
I always shoot RAW, which means that photos always go through an editing software (Lr, in my case) and, also, that all b&w photos are converted/created in post-processing. Going a step further, I really like using
VSCO presets. Pretty much all my photos are processed using this as a base (I then fine-tune them to my taste, including the shadows and highlights you mention).
Regarding exposure:
I shoot in a very simple and automatic way: 99% of the time, I set the camera to aperture priority and use Auto-ISO. This means that I only need to choose my aperture beforehand (i.e. wide-open

) and don't worry about anything else - shutter speed and ISO will be chosen automatically by the camera.
What I do use a
lot is the EV+/- (exposure compensation) button. This is my main control.
In pretty much all my shots I change this setting, adjusting the amount of light in relation to what the camera considers to be the right exposure. A good example of this is the shot you quoted - because it was a very dark scene with only a small part of it under bright sunlight, I had to dial -2.7EV of exposure compensation, in order to get the look I wanted.